[ ENGLISH LEARNING INTERMEDIATE LEVEL 1 ] Passive Form

A.  Passive Form
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples:

Active / Passive Overview

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

B.     Direct and direct speech

DIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation.

EXAMPLES

She says, "What time will you be home?"

She said, "What time will you be home?" and I said, "I don't know! "

"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.

John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

INDIRECT SPEECH

Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.

She said, "I saw him." (direct speech) = She said that she had seen him. (indirect speech)

'That' may be omitted:
She told him that she was happy. = She told him she was happy.

'SAY' AND 'TELL'

Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
He said that he was tired.

Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
He told me that he was tired.

'TALK' AND 'SPEAK'

Use these verbs to describe the action of communicating:
He talked to us.
She was speaking on the telephone.

Use these verbs with 'about' to refer to what was said:
He talked (to us) about his parents.

Here are the changes tenses Direct & Indirect Speech

No	Direct Speech		Indirect Speech
1	» Simple Present Tenses		» Simple Past Tenses
	+	S + V1(s,es) + o/c	+	S + V2 + o/c
	-	S + Do/Does + V1 + o/c	-	S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c
	?	Do/Does + S + V1 + o/c	?	Did + S + V1 + o/c
	Mother said, “I go to the market today”		Mother said that she went to the market that day
2	» Present Continuous Tenses		» Past Continuous Tenses
	+	S + TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + V1 + Ing	+	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + V1 + Ing
	-	S + TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + Not + V1 + Ing	-	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + Not + V1 + Ing
	?	TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + S + V1 + Ing	?	TOBE(Was,Were) + S + V1 + Ing
	Andi says, “I am going to school”		Andi says that he was going to school
3	» Present Perfect Tenses		» Past Perfect Tenses
	+	S + Have/Has + V3	+	S + Had + V3
	-	S + Have/Has + Not + V3	-	S + Had + Not + V3
	?	Have/Has + S + V3	?	Had + S + V3
	The Teachers said, “We have some tests for you”		The Teachers said that they have some tests for you
4	» Present Perfect Continuous Tenses		» Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
	+	S + Have/Has + Been + V1 + ing	+	S + Had + Been + V1 + Ing
	-	S + Have/Has + Been + Not + V1 + ing	-	S + Had + Been + Not V1 + Ing
	?	Have/Has + S + Been + V1 + ing	?	Had + S + Been + V1 + Ing
	Sherry said, “I have been reading the book		Sherry said that she had been reading the book
5	» Simple Past Tenses		» Past Pefect Tenses
	+	S + V2 + o/c	+	S + Had + V3
	-	S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c	-	S + Had + Not + V3
	?	Did + S + V1 + o/c	?	Had + S + V3
	Otoosan said, “I ate that food yesterday”		Otoosan said that he had eaten those food the previous day
6	» Past Continuous Tenses		» Past Perfect Continuous Tenses
	+	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + V1 + Ing	+	S + Had + Been + V1 + Ing
	-	S + TOBE(Was,Were) + Not + V1 + Ing	-	S + Had + Been + Not V1 + Ing
	?	TOBE(Was,Were) + S + V1 + Ing	?	Had + S + Been + V1 + Ing
	Kudo said, “My parents were goin to my grandma’s house last night”		Kudo said that his parents had been going to his grandma’s house the previous night
7	» Simple Future Tenses		» Past Future Tenses
	+	S + Will/Shall + V1	+	S + Would/Should + V1
	-	S + Will/Shall + Not + V1	-	S + Would/Should + Not + V1
	?	Will /Shall + S + V1	?	Would/Should + Not + V1
	Conan said, “My family will come from Japan”		Conan said that his family would go from Japan

Example in exercises
1.    Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?
       Raul         : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
a. had gone to his country            d. he went to his country
b. he has gone to his country        e. he goes to his country
c. he will go to his country
    Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung harus
                                   past perfect)
2.    Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?
Jenifer   : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
Ferdy     : he wanted to know ____
a. if Mary was absent            d. that Mary had been absent
b. why Mary was absent            e. why Mary had been absent
c. why was Mary absent
    Jawaban : E (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk
                                  past perfect)
3.    Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.
Herman  : Okay, mom.
Rudy      : What did your mother just told you?
Herman  : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
a. I wasn’t so noisy            d. I am very noisy
b. not to be so noisy            e. to be not so noisy
c. don’t be noisy
    Jawaban : B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)
4.   Doctor   : Open your mouth!
    Mother  : What did the doctor tell you?
    Son       : The doctor told me ___
    a. that I open his mouth            d. to open my mouth
    b. if I opened my mouth            e. opened my mouth
    c. to open my mouth
        Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)
5.   Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?
Mother asked me ____
a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
e. if I want meatball or fried chicken
    Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)

Exercises

Answer with correctly !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

1.    Head master  : Why didn”t you clean this room this morning?
       Jani              :  I am sorry. I got a headache.
       The headmaster asked her why ___ the room this morning.
a. I hadn’t cleaned                d. he headn’t cleaned
b. he does not clean            e. he would not clean
c. he hasn’t cleaned

2.   Anto  : I am sorry Lina. I forgot to bring your book.
       Ari    : What did he say, Lina?
    Lina  : Anto said to me that he ___ to bring my book.
    a. has forgotten                d. forgets
    b. had forgotten                e. forgot
    c. would forget
3.   Mother asked Mira to close the windows because it was windy outside.
    Mother said, “ ___________”
    a. Mira closed the window. It is windy outside.
    b. Closed the window, Mira. It is windy outside.
    c. Mira closed the window. It was windy outside.
    d. Does Mira close the window. It was windy outside.
    e. To close the window Mira! It is windy outside.
4.   “What are you doing now?”, he asked.
    He asked me ____
    a. what are you were doing now        d. what I was doing then.
    b. what were you doing now.        e. what I am doing now.
    c. what I was doing then
5.   “Is John coming to the party tonight?”
    “yes, he asked me ____”.
    a. If he could go with us            d. going with us
    b. can he go with us            e. wether he goes with us
    c. he went with us
6.   My parents advised my sister ____ too much money on clothes.
    a. do not spend                d. not spending
    b. not to spend                e. not spend
    c. did not spend
7.   The secretary asked me ___ with Mr. Slamet.
    a. did I have an appointment        d. when is my appointment
    b. how was my appointment        e. that I had an appointment
    c. whether I had appointment
8.   “don’t make noise, children”, she said.
    a. She told the children don’t make noise        d. She told the children not to make noise.
    b. She said the children didn’t make noise    e. She didn’t tell the children to make
      c. She didn’t say the children should noise              noise
9.   My friend said to me, “Can I find you a hotel?”. Mean____
    a. My friend asked me if I could help him find a hotel.
    b. I wondered if my friend could help me find a hotel.
    c. My friend said that I could help him find a hotel.
    d. My friend asked me to find a hotel for him.
    e. My friend asked me whether he could help me find a hotel.
10. Father said, “Finish your work!”
    The indirect form is: Father told me ____
    a. finish your work                d. to finish your work
    b. finished your work                e. to finish my work
    c. that I finish my work

Tata cara/bertemu berbicara dengan Touris

Salah satu dari beberapa cara yang paling efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan speaking bahasa Inggris adalah bercakap dengan penutur asli bahasa Inggris. Berbicara langsung dengan mereka memberikan beberapa manfaat seperti mendengar langsung pronunciation mereka, melatih keberanian berbicara, dan yang terpenting Anda akan merasakan kepuasan tersendiri bahwa ternyata Anda sudah bisa bercakap dengan bule sehingga Anda akan terdorong untuk berusaha lebih giat lagi meningkatkan kemampuan speaking Anda.

Tidak sulit menemukan orang asing di daerah kita sebab setiap saat banyak turis asing yang berkunjung. Yang menjadi permasalahan biasanya Anda tidak memiliki keberanian untuk menyapa turis dan mencoba berbicara dengannya. Dalam tulisan ini saya akan mencoba memberikan beberapa tips untuk membantu Anda menghilangkan perasaan minder tersebut dan memanfaatkan kesempatan emas untuk latihan speaking setiap kali bertemu turis asing.

Dimana bisa bertemu turis asing?

Turis asing sangat senang berkunjung ke tempat-tempat wisata, jadi kalau Anda ingin bertemu dengan turis asing berkunjunglah ke tempat-tempat wisata terdekat di daerah Anda. Jika di daerah Anda tidak ada tempat wisata yang sering dikunjungi turis Anda bisa menjumpai mereka di Bandara atau terminal bus. Terkadang Anda secara tidak sengaja bertemu dengan seorang turis asing, itu adalah kesempatan yang baik dan sayang kalau dilewatkan.

Bagaimana memulai percakapan?

Kalau turisnya sudah ketemu langkah selanjutnya adalah melihat situasi apakah memungkinkan untuk berbicara dengannya. Tapi pada kebanyakan situasi, Anda selalu bisa berbicara dengan mereka, paling tidak mengucapkan permisi dan meminta waktunya sebentar. Kalau mereka tidak mengizinkan yah apa boleh buat, jangan dipaksa. Kalau turis dipandu oleh seorang pemandu (guide), cobalah untuk meminta izin terlebih dahulu pada pemandunya. Sebelum membuka pembicaraan Anda harus membuang jauh-jauh rasa malu dan grogi, meskipun jantung Anda terkadang berdenyut lebih kencang ketika akan menghampir turis.

Untuk membuka pembicaraan, gunakan ungkapan-ungkapan berikut:

1. Excuse me sir/madam/miss, do you mind my talking to you?
2. Excuse me sir/madam/miss, may I speak with you for a while?

Sir untuk turis laki-laki
Madam untuk turis perempuan
Miss untuk turis perempuan yang diperkirakan belum menikah.

Jika Anda menggunakan pembuka no.1 di atas, kemungkinan jawaban yang akan Anda dapatkan antara lain:

- Oh, no, not at all! (artinya dia mau diajak bicara)
- Sorry, I don’t have time! (artinya tidak mau diajak bicara)
- What’s wrong! (Kalau dapat jawaban seperti ini, Anda perlu langsung menjelaskan tujuan Anda [lihat di bawah caranya]).
- What do you want? (yang ini agak kurang sopan, tetapi bukan berarti tidak mau diajak bicara, dia butuh penjelasan).

Jika menggunakan pembuka no.2, kemungkinan jawabannya antara lain:

- No, sorry. (artinya tidak mau diajak bicara, mungkin sibuk)
- Yeah/Yes/Sure! (artinya mau diajak bicara)
- (jawaban-jawaban seperti di atas)

Selanjutnya, jika ternyata mereka menolak diajak bicara Anda bisa menjawab:

- Oh, that’s okay, thanks! (terus ditinggal aja, jangan dipaksa untuk meladeni Anda)

Kalau mereka mau diajak bicara, lanjutkanlah dengan memberikan penjelasan bahwa Anda sedang ingin mempraktikkan bahasa Inggris Anda:

- Thanks/Thank you so much. Actually, I’m an English learner/English student and I want to practice my English.

Jika saat membuka pembicaraan Anda mendapat jawaban “what’s wrong” atau “what do you want“, Anda bisa langsung menjawab:

- Actually, I’m an English learner and I just want to practice my English.
– Actually, here I’am practicing my English .

Jika mereka mau diajak bicara, biasanya mereka akan mengangguk dan mengiyakan.

Memulai percakapan

Setelah menjelaskan bahwa Anda ingin mempraktikkan bahasa Inggris Anda, biasanya mereka hanya mengangguk. Selanjutnya tanyakanlah pertanyaan-pertanyaan dasar:

Where do you come from?
How long have you been in Indonesia?
Have you ever been here before?
What places have visited in Indonesia?
What’s your impression about Indonesian people?
What do you think about the weather here, is it different from the weather in your country?
How do you like the food here?
With whom did you come here?
Where will you go after here?

Anda juga bisa merekomendasikan tempat-tempat yang menarik atau bersejarah untuk mereka kunjungi. Cobalah menyelingi pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas dengan sesekali memberi tanggapan terhadap jawaban yang mereka berikan.

Menutup percakapan

Jika Anda merasa sudah cukup, Anda bisa langsung mengakhiri percakapan atau Anda boleh meminta berfoto bersama:

- Can we take picture together?
– May I take picture with you?

Kalau dizinkan langsung foto aja, tapi kalau tidak mau, sekali lagi jangan dipaksa. Selanjutnya gunakan ungkapan-ungkapan untuk pamitan dan terima kasih:

- Okay Sir/Madam/Miss, I’ve got to go, now. It was nice to meet you. Thank you very much for your time. Have a nice trip and Goodbye/See you next time!

written by : Rinrin Komariah