A. Modal
and Auxiliary Verbs
Pengertian
Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary verb adalah kata kerja yang muncul
sebelum main
verb (kata
kerja utama) di dalam suatu kalimat untuk memodifikasi makna dari kata kerja utama
tersebut. Tidak seperti kata kerja utama, auxiliary verb tidak mempunyai arti sendiri.
Kata kerja pembantu ini terdiri dari primary (be, do, have) dan modal auxiliary
verb (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought
to).
Kombinasi
Auxiliary Verb
Sebuah kata kerja utama dapat dilengkapi sampai
tiga auxiliary verb dimana terdiri dari modal dan satu atau dua primary auxiliary verb. Contoh kombinasi pada kata
kerja ini dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
Contoh
Kombinasi Antar Auxiliary Verb:
·
The children should have slept. (modal: should, primary: have; Present Perfect Tense)
·
The book has been read. (primary: has, been;
Passive-Present Perfect Tense)
Passive-Present Perfect Tense)
·
I have been driving for an hour. (primary: have, been; Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
·
I will have been sleeping.
(modal: will, primary: have, been;
Future Perfect Continuous Tense)
Primary Auxiliary Verb
Primary Auxiliary Verb terdiri
dari be, do, dan have. Ketiga kata kerja ini dapat pula berfungsi
sebagai kata kerja utama.
Tabel Penggunaan dan Contoh Be, Do, & Have
Penggunaan dan contoh kalimat primary auxiliary verbbe, do, dan have dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai
berikut.
Auxiliary Verb
|
Penggunaan
|
Contoh Kalimat Auxiliary Verb
|
Be
(am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been) |
Auxiliary
verb “be” untuk membentuk present atau past continuous tense. Kemudian
dapat pula ditambahkan modalwill untuk membentuk future continuous.
|
She is brushing the bathroom floor.
(Dia sedang menyikat lantai kamar mandi.) Present Continuous |
They were roasting corns at this time last night.
(Mereka sedang membakar jagung tadi malam.) Past Continuous |
||
The
party will be starting
at this time tomorrow.
(Pesta akan sedang berlangsung besok.) Future Continuous |
||
Be bersama auxiliary verb havemembentuk present atau past perfect continuous tense. Dapat
pula ditambahkan modal willuntuk membentuk future perfect continuous.
|
He has been driving
for an hour.
(Dia telah menyetir selama satu jam.) Present Perfect Cont |
|
You will have been sleeping long.
(Kamu akan telah tidur lama.) Future Perfect Cont. |
||
Be untuk
membentuk passive
|
Your
cake is being eaten by him.
(Kuemu sedang dimakannya.) |
|
The
room was cleaned by my assistant last night.
(Ruangan itu dibersihkan oleh asisten saya tadi malam.) |
||
Do
(do, does, did) |
Auxiliary
verb “do” untuk memberikan penekanan pada
kalimat indicative (normal)
maupun
imperative, dan adverb of frequency. |
I do finish my homework.
(Saya harus menyelesaikan PR.) |
Do open
the door.
(Buka pintu.) |
||
Tina
seldom does wash her shoes.
(Tina jarang mencuci sepatunya.) |
||
Do untuk
mengajukan pertanyaan (question tag[1], yes-no[2],
dan wh-question[3]). Dapat
pula digunakan untuk mengajukan clarifying question[4] (pertanyaan klarifikasi) berhubungan negative statement(pernyataan negatif) sebelumnya.
|
You love
your job, don’t you?[1]
(Kamu suka pekerjaanmu kan?) |
|
Did you
see him yesterday?[2]
(Apakah kamu melihatnya kemarin?) |
||
What does she want from you?[3]
(Apa yang dia inginkan darimu?) |
||
“Diana
didn’t have much money.”
“Then who did lend it me?”[4] (“Diana tidak punya banyak uang.” “Lalu siapa yang meminjaminya padaku?”) |
||
Auxiliary
verb ini bersama notuntuk membentuk kalimat negatif
|
I do not like
coffee.
(Saya tidak suka kopi.) |
|
She didn’t come last
night.
(Dia tidak datang semalam.) |
||
Do untuk
membuat short answer(jawaban pendek)
|
Yes,
I do.
|
|
Yes,
she does.
|
||
Auxiliary
verb ini dipadukan dengan conjunction so danneither untuk
mengekspresikansimilarity (persamaan) dandifferences (perbedaan).
|
My brother
loves swimming and so do I.
(Saudara saya suka berenang dan saya juga.) |
|
I don’t want to spend my money unwisely; neither does my friend. (Saya tidak ingin
menghabiskan uang dengan tidak bijaksana; teman saya juga.)
|
||
Have
(have, has, had) |
Auxiliary
verb “have” untuk membentuk perfect tense.
|
Dira has studied in French since April.
(Dira telah belajar di Perancis sejak April.) Present Perfect |
I had already had breakfast by the time he picked
me up.
(Saya sudah sarapan sewaktu dia menjemput.) Past Perfect |
||
Have dikombinasikan
denganmodal untuk mengekspresikanpossibility (kemungkinan) dimasa lalu.
|
He might have realized
his mistakes.
(Dia mungkin telah menyadari kesalahannya.) |
|
My
father may have read
this book.
(Ayah saya mungkin telah membaca buku ini.) |
Helping
verbs or auxiliary verbs such as will, shall, may,
might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are
used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time
and mood. The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates what are
called verb phrases or verb strings. In the
following sentence, "will have been" are helping or auxiliary verbs
and "studying" is the main verb; the whole verb string is underlined:
·
As of next August, I will have been studying chemistry
for ten years.
Students should remember that
adverbs and contracted forms are not, technically, part of the verb. In the
sentence, "He has already started." the adverb already modifies
the verb, but it is not really part of the verb. The same is true of the 'nt in
"He hasn't started yet" (the adverb not, represented by
the contracted n't, is not part of the verb, has started).
Shall, will and
forms of have, do and be combine with main
verbs to indicate time and voice. As auxiliaries, the verbs be, have and do can
change form to indicate changes in subject and time.
·
I shall go now.
·
He had won the election.
·
They did write that novel together.
·
I am going now.
·
He was winning the election.
·
They have been writing that novel for
a long time.
The modals are used to
do things like talking about ability, asking permission making requests, and so
on.
Ability:
We use can to
talk about someone’s skill or general abilities:
She can
speak several languages.
He can swim like a fish.
They can’t dance very well.
He can swim like a fish.
They can’t dance very well.
We
use can to talk about the ability to do something at a given time in
the present or future:
You can
make a lot of money if you are lucky.
Help. I can’t breathe.
They can run but they can’t hide.
Help. I can’t breathe.
They can run but they can’t hide.
We
use could to talk about past time:
She could speak several languages.
They couldn’t dance very well.
They couldn’t dance very well.
We
use could have to say that someone had the ability/opportunity to do
something, but did not do it:
She could have
learned Swahili, but she didn’t have time.
I could have danced all night [but didn't].
I could have danced all night [but didn't].
Permission:
We
use can to ask for permission to do something:
Can I ask a
question, please?
Can we go home now.
Can we go home now.
could is
more formal and polite than can:
Could I ask a
question please?
Could we go home now?
Could we go home now?
may is
another more formal and polite way of asking for permission:
May I ask a
question please?
May we go home now?
May we go home now?
We
use can to give permission:
You can go home
now if you like.
You can borrow my pen if you like.
You can borrow my pen if you like.
may is
a more formal and polite way of giving permission:
You may go home
now, if you like.
We
use can to say that someone has permission to do something:
We can go out whenever
we want.
Students can travel free.
Students can travel free.
may is
a more formal and polite way of saying that someone has
permission:
Students may
travel free.
Instructions and
requests:
We
use could you and would you as polite ways of telling or
asking someone to do something:
Could you take a
message please?
Would you carry this for me please?
Could I have my bill please?
Would you carry this for me please?
Could I have my bill please?
can and will are
less polite:
Can you take a
message please?
Will you carry this for me please?
Will you carry this for me please?
Suggestions
and advice:
We
use should to make suggestions and give advice:
You should
send an email.
We should go by train.
We should go by train.
We
use could to make suggestions:
We could
meet at the weekend.
You could eat out tonight.
You could eat out tonight.
We
use conditionals to give advice:
Dan will
help you if you ask him.
Past
tenses are more polite:
Dan would
help you if you asked him.
Offers
and invitations:
We use can
I… and to make offers:
Can I help you?
Can I do that for you?
Can I do that for you?
We can also
use shall I …
Shall I help you
with that?
Shall I call you on your mobile?
Shall I call you on your mobile?
We
sometime say I can ... or I could ... or I’ll (I
will) ... to make an offer:
I can do that for
you if you like.
I can give you a lift to the station.
I’ll do that for you if you like.
I’ll give you a lift to the station.
I can give you a lift to the station.
I’ll do that for you if you like.
I’ll give you a lift to the station.
We
use would you like (to) ... for invitations:
Would you like
to come round to morrow?
Would you like another drink?
Would you like another drink?
We
use you must or we must for a very polite invitation:
You must
come round and see us.
We must meet again soon.
We must meet again soon.
Obligation and
necessity
We
use must to say that it is necessary to do something:
You must
stop at a red light.
Everyone must bring something to eat.
You can wear what you like, but you must look neat and tidy.
I’m sorry, but you mustn’t make a noise in here.
Everyone must bring something to eat.
You can wear what you like, but you must look neat and tidy.
I’m sorry, but you mustn’t make a noise in here.
We
use had to for this if we are talking about the past:
Everyone had to
bring something to eat.
We could wear what we liked, but we had to look neat and tidy.
We could wear what we liked, but we had to look neat and tidy.
Example
conversation use Modal and Auxiliary Verbs
Waiters
: Good Afternoon sir/mam….. Welcome to daily hotel restaurant.
Guest
1 :Good Afternoon, Yes…..
Thankyou.
Waiters
:How do you Feel to day sir/mam?have you made a reservation, mam/sir?
Guest
2 :I feel very good.
Yes,,, I will the reservation.
Waiters
:Could I have your name, please??
Guest
1 :Yes my
name wahyu, and this is my friend
Guest2
:Yes and my name is Irma.
Waiters
:Would you like to come this way, please?
this is your table, mam/ sir.. table number 3….. and
have a sit.. please,
Guest2
:Yes… Thankyou very much.
Waiters
:Excuse me, mam/sir? Here is your menu, may I take your order now.?
Guest1
:Yes I have salad and hot coffie, how about you Irma?
Guest2
:I have steak and tiramisu cake for dessert.
Waiters
:Oke,, would you like your steak mam?Rare, medium, or welldone?
Guest2
:Yes I want medium steak.
Waiters
:Ok mam/sir,, would you to have anything else?
Guest1.2
:No just it
Waiters
: Oke, my repeat your order now. You have a salad, hot coffe, medium steak and
tiramisu cake
Guest
:yes .. yes
Waiters
:Ok please wait a few minutes mam/sir.
Guest1
: Waiters… may I ask the bill?
Waiters
:Ok sir, I will get your bill.. here is your bill, how would you settle your
bill sir.
Guest1
:Ok
Waiters
:Ok thankyou for visit, sir / mam.. have a nice day.
Guest
2 :Your welcome
written by : Rinrin Komariah
Source : http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-modal-auxiliary-verbs
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